101 Social Media Statistics You Need to Know in 2018 - CoSchedule

101 Social Media Statistics You Need to Know in 2018 Social media changes fast. Sometimes, it feels like too much to keep up with. But, if youre going to succeed, you need to know the latest trends and industry stats. You want to know that what youre doing isnt already outdated. And you dont want to miss opportunities, either. Youre busy though. Who has time to keep tabs on all that stuff? If thats how youre feeling, its a good thing youre here. To make things easy, weve pulled together  101 important social media marketing statistics, all in one place. This post is packed with the most up to date information to help you start 2018 off on the right foot. From social media video, demographic data, and usage stats, weve covered it all. Now lets get reading! 101 Social Media Statistics You Need To Know To Build Your 2018 StrategyGet Your 70 Bonus Social Media Statistics Infographic Packing a full 101 stats into one post, would well run a little bit long. Whos got time for that? If the answer is not you, then grab our social media statistics infographic. Its got an extra 70 stats you can easily skim and keep on hand for reference. Download it now, then read through the rest of the post. DID YOU KNOW: makes it easy to organize and execute your entire social media strategy on one unified marketing calendar? Start your free trial or schedule a demo to learn how. TL;DR: Get Your Stats In One Handy Presentation Is clicking left-to-right more your speed than reading this whole post? We get it. Like we said earlier, you're busy (we all are). So, we pulled together this Slidedeck: 8 Social Media Facts That Show Why It’s Important For Your Business Social media marketing needs to be part of your marketing strategy. Why? The number of social media users is on the rise and isn’t going to die down anytime soon. Those users include your potential customers. And if you want to reach them, then you have to play the game. Here are eight more reasons why in case you’re on the fence. 88% of Businesses Are Using Social Media It’s a safe bet to say that almost all businesses are active on social media. If you aren’t, it’s more likely than not that your competitor is. Don’t let them steal your customers! 88% of businesses are using social media.2/3rds of All Americans Are Using Social Media Over  90% of young Americans are active  on different social networks. Using social media can help get your business in front of them at the right time. Two-thirds of all Americans are using social media.67% of All Americans Report Getting Their News From Social Media That means that 217 million people are turning to social  platforms to keep up with current events. Why not let your business’s messages be a part of that daily traffic too? 67% of Americans are using social media.81% of the US Population Has At Least One Social Media Profile The chance of getting your organization's messaging across to consumers at the right time is easier than ever. Why? Because of the increased number of social media users. In fact, that number has grown 5% over the past year. 81% of the US population has at least one social media profile.96% of People Who Talk About Your Brand Online Don’t Follow It This means that the discussion that is happening around your brand  isn’t always coming from your followers. It’s important to keep that statistic in mind when you’re reporting on share of voice metrics. 96% of the people who talk about your brand online aren't actually following you.52% of Social Media Marketers Say That Showing ROI Is One of Their Top Challenges Showing the return on investment for any social media strategist  can cause a panicked reaction. How can you prove to your boss what’s working? and Google Analytics may be able to help you there. 52% of social media marketers say showing ROI is one of their top challenges.91% of Social Media Users Are Accessing Social Channels Via Mobile Devices The use of mobile devices on the rise. Social media strategists need to  make sure that everything they create still conveys the intended message in a portable format. 91% of social media users are accessing social channels via mobile devices.Customers Spend 20-40% More On Companies Who Engage With Them On Social Media If that statistic isn’t enough to get you interacting with your fans online, we don’t know what will. Whether it’s addressing a complaint or saying thanks for a helpful review, genuine interactions will go a long way for your audience. Customers spend 20%-40% more on companies who engage with them on social media.5 Social Media Video Statistics Video marketing is a new frontier for social media marketers. With the addition of live video and disappearing daily stories, marketers are having to think outside the box when it comes to finding new ways to reach their audience. Check out these five statistics on the growth of video marketing. 43% of People Want To See More Video Content From Marketers Your audience is begging for this content. Don’t leave them hanging. 43% of people want to see more video content.100 Million Hours of Video Content is Watched On Facebook Daily That’s equal to about 4.2 days worth of watchable content being consumed in just one day! Recommended Reading: How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way 86% of Business Related Video Views Take Place On Desktop Computers With that many people consuming your organization's content via desktop both your social media strategists and your video team need to make sure that videos are optimized for desktop viewing. 86% of business-related video views in 2015 took place on desktop computers.56% of All Videos Published Last Year Are Less Than Two Minutes Long We have a shorter attention span than a standard goldfish. That means that a 20-minute video isn’t going to go over well on social media. Remember to keep it concise. [Tweet "56% of all videos published in 2015 were less than two minutes long." The Average Video Retains 37% of Viewers To The End If only 37% of your audience makes it to the end  of your video, put the most need-to-know information first! The average video retains 37% of viewers to the end.8 Social Media Usage Statistics Tracking who is using what social media channel can help your organization predict where your audience is coming from and when they are going to be active. Read these eight statistics and learn how you can target your potential consumers on the right channel at the right time. 70% of Social Media Time Is Spent On Mobile Devices Because mobile devices are nearly always in use  marketers, need to check that their social content is viewable/ still looks good in a different format. 70% of social media time is spent on mobile devices.200 Million People Use Instagram Stories a Month Instagram Stories has grown immensely  over the past few years since its inception. That type of exposure is not something your brand wants to miss out on. 200 million people use Instagram Stories every month.2.5 Billion People Use Messaging Apps The use of messaging apps is growing  and with the creation of autoresponders. How marketers begin to tap into that potential will change the way we use social media marketing. 2.5 billion people use messaging apps.The Average LinkedIn User Spends 17 Minutes On The Site Per Month That means the content you publish has a tiny window of time to make an impact. Choose what you post wisely. Recommended Reading: How to Build the Best LinkedIn Marketing Strategy For Your Business There Are 178 Million Active Snapchat Users Daily If your business is looking to target millennials or generation Z’ers, Snapchat is where it’s at. There are 178 million active Snapchat users daily.Social Media Users Spend An Average of 135 Minutes Per Day Online That’s over two hours worth of content that your audience is consuming every single day. What can you do to help your messages stand out in a sea of content? Social media users spend an average of 135 minutes per day online.80% of People Use Pinterest On Mobile Work with your graphic designers to ensure that everything you post to Pinterest is still viewable on a mobile device. Recommended Reading: The Ultimate Guide to Marketing With Pinterest 2.07 Billion People Are Actively Using Facebook With that many active users, there’s little doubt that at least part of your target audience will be on Facebook in some capacity. Don’t miss your chance to reach them. 2.07  billon people are actively using Facebook.5 Social Media Advertising Statistics Advertising is without a doubt the most efficient way to reach your audience on any social media platform. Navigating it, on the other hand, can be a bit tricky. Here are five statistics to help you create your social media advertising strategy. 93% of Social Media Advertisers Use Facebook Advertising For your content to break through the noise on Facebook,  you’re going to have to boost your posts or turn them into advertisements. 93% of social media advertisers use Facebook advertising.49% of 18 to 29-Year-Olds Have Purchased Something They Saw In a Social Media Ad The younger generation’s journey to purchasing a product is changing. They are starting to be influenced not only by what they see on TV but by what appears in their social media feeds. 49% of 18 to 29-year-olds have purchased something they saw in a social media ad.26% of Facebook Users Who Click On An Ad Make A Purchase Facebook is one of the most popular social media advertising spots between the major platforms. Its ability to convert and reach audiences makes a significant impact. The Average Click Through Rate On A Facebook Ad is .90% Across all of the different industries, WordStream found that the average click-through rate Facebook ads are .90%. The average click-through rate on a Facebook ad is .90%75% to 90% of a Facebook Ad’s Performance is Based on Images In other words, if you’re creating an advertisement for Facebook include dynamic images. This will help make an impact on your viewers. 75% to 90% of a Facebook ad's performance is based on images.5 Social Media Demographic and User Statistics Need more specifics on who is using what channel? Check out these five user and demographic statistics. 83% of Millennials Are On Facebook If your business is looking at millennials as your target audience, start with Facebook. It’s the most active platform for that age group. 83% of Millenials are on Facebook.80% Of Millennials Say Pinterest Helps Them Find What They Want To Buy If you're targeting millennials,  Pinterest would be a strong contender in helping get your products in front of them. 80% of Millenials say Pinterest helps them find what they want to buy.84% Of 30-49 Year Olds Use Facebook While a majority of millennials are active on Facebook, don’t count the older generations out just yet. 84% of 30-49 year olds use Facebook.Over Half Of Instagram Users Are Between The Ages of 18-29 Instagram is another favorite channel for the millennial crowd, with 59% of them using the channel frequently.

When to Pull the Plug Professor Ramos Blog

When to Pull the Plug Fig. 1.Living will. â€Å"Silly Sunday: Life Support.† https://joycelansky.blogspot.com/2012/09/silly-sunday-life-support.html Death is inevitable. It is topic not many people would like to think about much less be comfortable to talk about.However, it is a very sensitive issue that should be discussed between family members. Many of these patients have no written legal documents that state their end-of-life wishes. If a brain dead patient is placed on a breathing machine and other forms of life support, who would be the one in charge of making life-and-death decisions such as when to pull the plug? When the choice to take a loved one off of life support after brain death is declared to families, the choice is not always easy. Today, doctors and family members face challenging ethical questions concerning when and if they should pull the plug. Therefore, to relieve both sides from making such a difficult decision, a brain dead patient should be pulled out from any means of life support per patient’s wish as indicated: in his/her living will, per doctor’s pronouncement based on neurological crit eria of brain death, per hospital’s concern as to minimize financial burden, and unnecessary suffering of both the patient and their family. Fig. 2.Who do you wish to make health care decisions for you when you can’t make them for yourself any longer? https://www.winstonmedical.org/visitors-patients/advanced-directive/ Brain Death Scenario: There are many cases of brain dead patients who are placed on life support machines. The most recent case is JahiMcMath, a 13-year-old African American girl from Oakland, California, who got admitted in the hospital for sleep apnea (breathing repeatedly stops and starts when asleep) and had her tonsils removed, was pronounced brain dead on December 12, 2013 after she suffered massive blood loss from surgery (Schmidt 1). She had no living will before the surgery, which directly made her parents as surrogates to make decisions for her. She was placed on life support for four years. When her parents decided to pull the plug, Jahi stopped breathing and her heart stopped beating. She was pronounced dead the second time on June 22, 2018 (2). Fig. 3. Brain death. http://1.bp.blogspot.com Brain Function: What is the function of the brain? Kasule states the brain is the command, coordination, and communication center for the body to work (2). He continues, when an injury to the brain happens due to lack of oxygen, the brain is very sensitive to such abuse, that it dies irreversibly first before other major organs like the lungs and the heart. The injured brain cannot recover or be replaced. Therefore, the brain controls all the other organs, and when it dies, the other organs imminently follow. Fig. 4.Neurological criteria for death (Brain Death Protocols).CrashMaster, http://crashingpatient.com/intensive-care/neurologic-criteria-for-death.htm/ Reason #1: Why Unplug – Patient is Brain Dead Based on Neurological Assessment Criteria The neurological assessment for brain death is a universal law or criteria followed by doctors when examining and confirming if a patient is dead or alive, based on neurological criteria as lack of responsiveness (coma), absence of brainstem reflexes (i.e. pupils do not react to light, no facial muscle movement, no gag reflexes), absence of breathing drive, and no brain waves activity as shown in figure 4. If there is no change, the test is repeated after 24 hours to confirm death (Jakusovaite et al 206). This has become the criteria for brain death confirmation that doctors follow. As opposed to comas, when patients are in comas whether medically induced or through the patient’s health process, tests are done such as those indicated above that show that the body is still responsive and the brain is not dead. There is also a test to check for brain waves and in coma patients, brain waves are still present. However, in the brain dead patient, waves are no longer present or acti ve. In 1973, brainstem death was identified as the point of no return and the United States Uniform Determination of Death Act was enacted (Kasule 2). The brain dead patient is not able to cough or swallow, breathe on their own, do not display brain waves, and have no hope in quality of life. Thus, by pulling the plug, it will cause the patient’s breathing to cease and thereby causing the heart to stop. Reason #2: Why Unplug – It Drains Family Resources When Patient Has No Point of Return (Dead) The purpose of protecting resources is attained by earlier confirmation of death using brain death criteria to stop expensive life support in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The daily costs in the ICU are higher during the first 2 days where the cost of mechanical ventilation is $10,794 on day 1 and $4,796 on day 2 (Dasta 1266) in addition to ICU equipment supplies. As of January 1, 2018, the cost of room and board in critical care or trauma pediatric intensive care unit in University Hospitals in Cleveland Medical Center is $10, 140 per day (Patient Pricing Information 1). The indirect costs are expenses when family leave their work and travel to the hospital daily. However, once death is confirmed any further ICU care is a waste of resources (Kasule 5). In fact one of the reasons a patient is taken out of life support is when the family can no longer afford the financial cost of the treatments. The cost is so high that it takes toll on the family’s finances. It is a lose-lose situation if a patient will never recover and the family will end up in debt.Due to this financial burden, it is important that staff have a realistic conversation with the family to discuss the patient’s quality of life and the need to pull the plug. Fig. 5.Advanced directive.https://www.winstonmedical.org/visitors-patients/advanced-directive/ Fig. 6.Percentatge of Americans without advanced directive. â€Å"Your Resolution for Advance Directives.†https://www.hhhc.org/resources/news/advance-directives/resolution-advance-directives/ Reason #3: Why Unplug – Respect One’s Wishes Not to Be on Life Support if No Quality of Life Many critically ill patients opt out of life support and state their wishes in an advanced directive or living will in the event there is no chance of recovery or quality of life. Tejwani defines advance directives as a set of instructions recognized under state law in reference to the provision of health care when the individual is incapacitated (772). It communicates one’s wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals in the event of becoming unable to voice one’s own wishes. It may also include durable power of attorney (POA), a document designating a surrogate decision-maker if the individual is incapacitated and can include orders for withdrawal of life support. Patients with advance directive are much more likely to receive end-of-life care consistent with their preferences. A majority of the population in United States do not have advance directives as shown in figure 6. A surrogate or proxy speaks for the patient and is to follow the patient’s specific views on end-of-life values and preferences. If the patient’s preferences are unknown, the surrogate should make decisions in the best interest of the patient (772). It can be difficult to begin the conversation on end-of-life preferences, however, a simple and/or quick discussion can make a huge difference. In the instance of Jahi, had her parents and medical staff asked her what her preferences were prior to her surgery, it may have made a difference for her and her family’s suffering afterward. Thus, the growing consensus is that every adult, regardless of age, should consider preparing an advance directive because unforeseeable accidents can and do occur. Fig. 7.Ventilator/ventilator support.https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/ventilatorventilator-support Addressing Opposite Side #1 – Family believes Patient on Life Support is Alive Family members often believe that a patient on a breathing machineor ventilatoris still alive because the patient is breathing and the heart is beating even when the brain is dead. The use of life support is that it sustains life for a longer period of time to allow for the processing a traumatic event, acceptance of the situation, more time to grieve, and possible solutions. However, it is wrong to keep someone alive without their consent, possibly prolonging their suffering. The downside to this situation is difficult to determine when is the right time to pull the plug? In the case of JahiMcMath, who was on life support, her parents believe that it is morally wrong according to their religious belief to let someone die (Schmidt 1). Emotionally, it is difficult for Jahi’s family when confronting the issue of her brain dead status and it would be difficult for them if they are asked to pull the plug. Her parents were hoping she would recover, that is why they opted for life s upport (Schmidt 2). However, after 4 years of being on life support, Jahi’s organs started to fail. Her parents decided to pull the plug because that is the only realistic option for them and for their daughter. Had the parents understood the meaning of brain death and what it means in terms of her quality of life, it is possible that they would have pulled the plug sooner. Because after they turned off the ventilator, Jahi stopped breathing and her heart stopped beating. The only support to keep her alive was the breathing machine. Fig. 8.Brain-dead patients deserve to be laid to rest. https://sundial.csun.edu/2014/01/brain-dead-patients-deserve-to-be-laid-to-rest/ Addressing Opposite Side #2 – Family Belief of Miracle Religious family members of a dying patient believe that miracles can happen. Tejwani states the patient’s family rejected the recommendation of considering comfort care of terminally ill patient and expressed strong feeling that a miracle would occur and the patient would regain consciousness and recover (773). Based on this hope, they requested continuation of unlimited life-sustaining measures. Despite being repeatedly informed that these measures would not alter the patient’s outcome, the family persisted on their requests. The care team felt the family’s expectations to be unrealistic and their demands unreasonable. Providing invasive care to a brain death patient with no hope of recovery creates emotional and moral distress on care providers, and providers may consider themselves agents of harm. Blindly following the surrogate’s wishes is not always in the patient’s best interest and most surrogates tend to request to â€Å"do everything poss ible.† Although in some circumstances this achieves nothing more than inflicting bodily injury on the patient (774). The appropriate time to pull the plug is after the confirmation of brain death using the brain death criteria and only after a very thorough discussion with the patient’s family. Jahi’s mother was not able to move on with her life thinking that her daughter was still alive and was stuck in the stage of denial (first stage of the grieving process) for 4 years. Magic miracle cures do not happen for a brain dead patient. Conclusion True, death is inevitable and talking about it should not be avoided among family members because unforeseeable accidents can happen anytime. The important message for patients and their families is, before a family member ends up in ICU or undergoes a surgery no matter how minor, they need to talk about what one would want in advance. End-of-life decision-making is extremely challenging for patient’s family to make without an advanced directive or living will. With an advance directive, the surrogate, family, and care providers have proof as to what the brain-dead patient’s values and preferences are. Nobody wants to be kept alive when such life would be a meaningless existence. Everyone wants a sentient existence in which one has the ability to think, read, speak, write, and communicate. Anything that could not restore a person to this is a purposeless and meaningless life. Moreover, state laws meeting should revise the Universal Declaration of Death Act (UDDA) to eth ically make the doctors pull the plug the moment a patient has been pronounced brain dead. Brain stem death should remain the mainstay of defining death so as to give families closure and prevent the patient’s suffering. Dasta, J.F. et al. Daily Cost of an Intensive Care Unit Day: The Contribution of Mechanical Ventilation.Critical Care Med.Jun 2005, 33(6).p. 1266.PubMed. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942342 Jakusovaite, Irayda et al. Determination of Death: Metaphysical and Biomedical Discoure. Medicina.Vol. 52 issue 4. 2016. p. 206. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.06.02 Kasule, Omar Hasan. Brain Death: Criteria, Signs, and Tests. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. Vol. 8 issue 1, April 2013. P. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jturned.2013.02.001 Patient Pricing Information.University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center. p.1. uhhospitals.org/cleveland/patients-and-visitors/billing-insurance-and- medical-records/patient-pricing-information Schmidt, Samantha. JahiMcMath, the California Girl in Life-Support Controversy, is Now Dead. The Washington Post. 29 June 2018. pp. 1-2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/29/jahi-mcmath-the- calif-girl-declared-brain-dead-4-years-ago-is-taken-off-life- support/?noredirect=onutm_term=.b4a260ced3a6 Tejwani, Vickram et al. Issues Surrounding End-of-Life Decision-making.Patient Preference Adherence, (2013).pp. 771-775. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S48135

How soon should the US pull out of Afghanistan Essay

How soon should the US pull out of Afghanistan - Essay Example America's pledge in Afghanistan is primarily a question of responsibility the United States must take for the chaos that was bear out of years of negligence and under-resourcing for the period of the Bush period.In light of all we know regarding Afghanistan after nearly eight years, it shows solid ground for President Obama to direct the United States to pull out of Afghanistan is because the public is exhausted of war.The United States policymakers have to; assess all actions in opposition to America's global concerns and the probable prospective costs. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, economical strategies don't have a positive record of achievements."America should do no more than what can be done from offshore, using intelligence, drones, cruise missiles, air strikes and small, effective Special Forces units, focusing on the porous 1,500-mile boundary with Pakistan."As conveyed by the President of the Centre of a New American security, John Nagl. He stated that, America hasfundamenta l national security interests in Afghanistanthat makes fighting there crucial. The key objectives of the campaign are preventing Afghanistan from again serving as a shelter for terrorists with global reach and ensuring that it does not become the medium for a larger regional security meltdown. Afghanistan also a known foundation that United States uses to attack al-Qaeda forces inside Pakistan and thus assists in the broader operation against Afghanistan's terrorist organization one that we evidently must win (Stephanopolous, 2009). The United States policymakers have to; assess all actions in opposition to America's global concerns and the probable prospective costs. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, economical strategies don't have a positive record of achievements. The drone attacks are affecting the sentiments of the people of Afghanistan and Pakistan and are also greatly undermining the popularity of America. Hence, the relation of Pakistan and America is at stake. Background: As Kristol stated in his article; referring to the Op-ed's columnist George F. Will's article in which he discussed about the Afghanistan and Afghanistan's casualties he was not happy about the length of America's long shot there the dismissive of the involvement of America's NATO allies, disdainful of the Afghan central government, and struck by the country's diffident. Kristol share many of these opinions. However they are just views. It would be better to find a major change in America's nationalized security strategy on disputes--especially if they are advocating an amendment from a policy that's been sustained for eight years by a bipartisan accord, and that engages the area that was the platform for Sept. 11 (Kristol, 2009). According to a latest Rasmussen Report, a public telephone surveyed that twenty percent (20%) of United States voters say all American troops should be brought back from Afghanistan instantly. An additional 17% oppose an instant withdrawal of United States services but believe a solid timetable should be established to bring all troops home within a year. Fifty two percent (52%) see no need for a removal or a timetable right now. Eleven percent (11%) is indifferent or uncertain. Democrats are much more strongly in support of pulling out the troops, which poses perhaps a greater concern to President Obama with some in his party already discussing a possible challenge to him for the party's presidential recommendation in 2012 (Kristol, 2009). America should operate its war on terror from abroad and in order to do that it has improved its relation with Pakistan as Kristol admits in passing what seems to be an additional important national interest Pakistan, "a nation that actually matters." (Kristol, 2009). Alternative Option: The prime mistakes United States made in Iraq were the postponement in decision making and the reliability of required resources. United States managed to turn that mission around and accomplish victory because Washington

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development Essay

Knowledge, Innovation and New product Development - Essay Example rowth rate as compared to the already developed markets; and the economically developed countries like US and Germany are facing greater heat of recession with surging economic crises. Therefore one can think of investment in either India or China. I took India as the country to develop new product because cosmetic, especially 100% herbal and vegetarian Lipstick with variety of shades can be a new product that can be developed in an Indian Market. The increasing urbanization and a growth in the number of office workers have resulted in a strong focus on grooming in that country. 65% of the total population of India is below 35 years of age but only around 30% of the women use lipsticks in India, so there is a wide scope to flourish in India. The USP (unique selling proposition) of this product is its attribute of being 100% Herbal and Vegetarian as almost 40% of the total population in India is vegetarian and till now no other company has launched this type of product in the Indian M arket. Cosmetics and toiletries have seen tremendous growth in 2007. Growth was partly due to high levels of inflation but volume sales also saw dynamic growth. Rising income levels resulted in lower-income groups being able to afford more cosmetics and toiletries and also saw many trading up from unpackaged to packaged products. Meanwhile, mid- and high-income consumers in urban areas began to seek out value-added mass brands and premium products. India can be taken as the country to sell the product as Indian females are considered an epitome of beauty and they are more and more becoming beauty and fashion conscious. The product that can be marketed is a wide range of cosmetics (100%Vegetarian) especially lipsticks and it can be launched in the Indian market by the name: This indeed is true because people will not normally forget the hospitability offered at the service based organization like restaurant, beauty parlor, consultancy firm etc and especially the cosmetic

The IMFs Approach to Economic Stabilization Essay

The IMFs Approach to Economic Stabilization - Essay Example In order to truly diagnose the situation, and properly understand the IMF and its current position in the world, we must ask the following questions: Founded in the turbulent era of the 1940s to stabilize the world economy, and based in Washington, D.C., the IMF (International Monetary Fund) is "an organization of 184 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial security, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty." ("IMF", 2006). The IMF's original purpose was "to establish a code of conduct that would enhance economic cooperation, and avoid the 'beggar-thy-neighbor' policies that led to the economic turbulence of the thirties." (Babb & Buira, 2005). In short, the IMF is a multilateral institution that lends money to governments in order to stabilize currencies and maintain order in international markets. Since the IMF was established its purposes have remained unchanged, but its surveillance, financial assistance and technical assistance operations have developed regularly in order to "meet the changing needs of its member countries i n an evolving world economy." ("IMF", 2006). The IMF "plays a key role in defining how much governments can spendThe Fund's view of what defines the macro economic stability of a country is the authoritative one for all development partners." ("Eurodad", 2003). What are the Main Components of the IMF's Approach to Economic Stabilization Particularly so in recent years, the IMF's quantitative approach to economic stabilization "has been the subject of considerable controversy." ("Survey", 1999). Considered as "the creator of the 'moral hazard'," (Monsod, 1998), the IMF consists of many programs which are often characterized as being "unnecessarily damaging to growth, harmful to the poor, unduly inflexible and unresponsive to the differing needs and circumstances of member countries, and based on rigid application of outmoded and discredited economic principles." (Mussa & Savastano, 1999). In order to understand the IMF's approach to economic stabilization and how it functions in all aspects, one must first understand the process of an IMF supported program: typically an IMF supported program is not permanent or 'set in stone' at the beginning of operations, but rather begins with the seemingly simple a request of a member. It is only then that the IMF staff prepares a blueprint of a program that is used for the actual basis of negotiations. After this, when an agreement is reached, the arrangement is cleared by IMF management and then approved by the IMF Executive Board. Disbursements proceed immediately after this if all performance

Coca Cola The Company | Commerce Essay

Coca Cola The Company | Commerce Essay Organizations do not simply appears on their own, It requires proper planning and formal structure to ensure that organization will perform as expected. It is a social system formed by likeminded people, to achieve stated objectives or common goals of participants. Organizational design deals with factors and issues that should be considered, rules and processes that must be implemented. A successful organizational design helps to develop, implement and maintain effective organizational process, (Allan S.Gutterman). Organizational design is more than just defining the formal structure of organization. (Allan S.Gutterman).it also includes management decision making process, values, policies, mission, vision, goals and purposes for which organization exists. Thus it requires creativity and careful planning to design structure of an organization. This creativity has led the organizational design to organizational architecture. Coca cola the company: http://jobs.paktutorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Coca-Cola.gif Coca cola is a beverage company. It is manufacturer, distributor, and marketer for non-alcohol beverages and syrups. The coca cola company is truly global firm in real terms. Coca cola operate very smartly around the globe. It knows how to deal with changed culture, drinking habits and taste for specific beverages in specific regions. It thus used to changes its syrup formula and molds it according to taste and preferences of people in different regions. There are five main factors that holds important place in success of coca cola. Well recognized brand Around the globe Consistently improving quality Innovative and unique marketing program worldwide Availability on large scale, almost in every region of world Continuous stream of quality products e.g. Diet Coke (1982), Coca-Cola Vanilla (2002). Probably, coca cola is the sole product that is universally relevant in every corner of the globe, the Company feels that its its responsibility is to ensure that with every single can or bottle of Coca-Cola sold and enjoyed, individual connections are made with their consumer. Organizational structure of coca cola: Organizational structure of coca cola has characteristics of both mechanical and organic structure. The company has a centralized structure but recently there is a twist, it is moving from centralized to decentralized structure. Coca cola is well aware of how important it is to meet ever changing demands of customers. This realization has played key role in transition from centralized to decentralized structure of Coca cola. Two main operating groups of company include corporate and bottling management. Corporate operations are also divided in different regions like America, Europe, and Africa North America etc. in order to be more responsive to local demands of customers in different regions, its will work a lot to allow and encourage decision making at local level. In this way, upper management can devote more time to long term planning rather than devoting time to short term and little issues. Important decisions of company like financial human resource, innovation marketing strategy etc are centrally located within corporate division of company. In each region f company, some of these functions are performed on low level; most of the decisions are made by top management of company. For instance the decision to support world cup was made by top management, but local and regional branched were also considered important and were allowed to make advertising decisions. Such as they were asked to develop marketing strategies for local market In 2004, new CEO, Neville lsdell introduced more complex interategrate mechanism. In order to recover from extremely growth rate or company, lsdell used team of top management to create a culture of innovation and decision making. Employees at lower level can be informed by face to face meetings. Balance in organizational design is important as it allows some flexibility, as well as it will give organization some flexibility. The design of the company is hybrid or mixture of both organic ad mechanistic structure, and the company emphasis more on responsiveness. Recent research has revealed that company has 94800 employees, and more than five hierarchal levels of organization. Although the structure is good enough, company faces the communication problem. One survey revealed that company and people lack clear goals and objectives. While organization is trying to engage ore employed, that tall hierarchies will also create communication problems at the company. From last two decades, many firms are founding it difficult to reach their financial objectives, due to recent ethical crisis associate with organizations financial objectives. Warren Buffet served as a member of the board of directors and was a strong supporter and investor in Coca-Cola but resigned from the board in 2006 after several years of frustration with Coca-Colas failure to overcome many challenges. In 2000, company failed to make the top ten of Fortunes annual Americas Most Admired Companies list for the first time in a decade. The company is committed to refresh everyone who had touched the business of coca cola. Thus company gained the status of well recognized brand around the globe. Coca cola has great concern for social responsibility. The company is fulfilling all requirements of Corporate and social responsibility. it believes in transparency, honesty and integrity in business dealings, improved relationships with all stakeholders. In its services for community, coca cola has provided scholarships to more than 170 colleges, and this number is expected to grow to 287 over the next four years. It includes 30 tribal colleges belonging to the American Indian College Fund. Coca-Cola is also involved with the Hispanic Scholarship Fund. So, the demand of more accountability has no clear impact on behavior of Coca Cola. Conclusion: Coca cola is a very well reputed and well recognized beverage supplier all around the globe. It has hybrid structure of organic and mechanistic structure of organization. The company is committed to provide continuously improved quality products. To be more responsive to local demand of customers in different regions, coca cola allows local managers, at lower level to make decisions about changing demands of local customers to be more responsive, flexible and adaptive to change. The structure of company has centralized decision making as well decentralized to some extent. Some decisions are made by top management and lower level employees are engaged in decision making process by allowing them to decide about promotional or marketing strategy for their respective regions. Coca cola is in struggle to Connect with more employees; this has created some communication problems for the company. Company has enough potential to cope with different challenges and issues. Coca cola has great concern for CSR practices and believe on transparency, honesty and integrity in business operations so, the increased demand to accountability has no negative impact on coca cola, and instead it is contributing factor in improved performance by the company.

Essay example --

Jules Verne was a family man who loved his wife and children, but also had a true passion for writing. He spent much of his time with his beloved spouse of thirty years and his three children that he loved deeply. When he wrote he would be inspired by the travels that he took with his family. Verne was born February 8, 1828 and he died on March 24, 1905. As he grew up he learned that he had diabetes that later killed him. In Verne’s seventy-seven year life he dabbled in the stock market to try to earn money. Before the stock market he went to school to follow in his father’s footsteps in the field of law. While in the stock market he decided that he did not want to continue in the field of law so he quit school and went on to write many books that were inspired by his long life. Mr. Verne’s Family consisted of his parents Sophie Allotte dela Fuye Verne and Pierre Verne. His siblings were Paul, Anna, Marie and Mathilde who had all been younger. On the tenth of January in 1857 Honorine Hebe du Fraysse de Viane Morel and Jules Verne became a married couple. Michel, his son, was born on the third of August in 1861 on board a ship sailing to Denmark and Norway. His two stepdaughters were Valentine and Suzanne. As he grew up he lived in various location such as Liverpool, Paris and even France for a period of time. During Verne’s childhood was put under strict rules by his father. His father sent Jules Verne to boarding school when he was young. While at school Verne did very well in the subjects of geography, Greek and Latin. With his time off from school in the summer he and his family went to Maritime Port City to spend time by the lake. Once he became much older his father sent his to Paris so they he could fol... ...devoted fans. His fans also say that the book is a fascinating tale that they were not able to put down until the book was finished. Many of the fans had previously read some of his book before they came out and they noticed that there were dates in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea that corresponded with dates in a couple from Verne’s other books. Some of the people who found the connection were intrigued to find out if all of his books were connected through one endless string of stories. From the publishing process Verne learned that many people anticipated the book and wanted it before it came out. Overall Jules Verne was a great man. He loved His family until his death and even after his death. He was also a person whose true passion was to write books. Him being both a family man and a great writer prove that he loved life itself in every possible way.

Are You a Self Motivator? Essay

Absolutely. I can always find something productive that needs doing. * I’m very motivated to do a good job at what I take on, and I like to stay busy. * I am a self motivator, and I take great pride in my job as a nurse. â€Å"Do you plan to make nursing your career? † * I do! I absolutely love being a nurse, and the satisfaction that comes with helping patients is incredibly rewarding to me. * I love being a nurse, and there are so many opportunities for learning and growth that I believe that I can spend my entire career satisfied and challenged in nursing. As a career, nursing offers so many opportunities that I find exciting. I plan to continue my education, and progress in the field. â€Å"Do you prefer to work alone, or as part of a team? † * That depends on the circumstances. I enjoy being part of a treatment and support team, but I also like the autonomy of working alone. * I believe that nursing in a hospital is a team effort, and I really enjoy making m y contribution to the team. * You need a certain amount of independence to work without the daily support of a team. As an in home nurse, I enjoy the one-on-one with my patients. â€Å"How do you handle stress on the job? † * By focusing on the most important thing, the care of the patient. I feel I owe it to my patients to stay calm and focused on them. * In the ER setting, there are often stressful situations that arise. I just make sure that the stresses of the job don’t interfere with the care of the patient. * I am generally an easy going person, and I don’t allow on the job stress to interfere with my work. * How do you envision your career  progressing? I would like to gain experience and continue my education so that I can grow in my career as a nurse, potentially moving into a supervisory capacity down the line. * I would like to gain experience at each level of nursing, and pursue my education as the opportunity arises. * There are many different paths that a nursing career can follow. Since I am just beginning my career, there are a number of opportunities that I f ind intriguing. During my training, I really enjoyed that fast pace of the ER, as well as assisting during surgery.

Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Example

Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Example Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Recruitment Process of Nuvista Pharma Ltd Essay Executive Summery Effective recruitment, selection and retention are critical to organizational success. They enable companies to have high performing employees who are satisfied with their jobs, thus contributing positively to the organization. On the contrary, in-effective recruitment methodology, selection and retention would result in mismatches which can have negative consequences for an organization. A misfit who is not in tune with organization’s philosophies and goals can reduce output, productivity, customer satisfaction, relationship and over all quality of work. Training a wrong hire can also be expensive. Effective recruitment is therefore not only the first step towards organizational excellence, but important cost control mechanisms as well. INTRODUCTION The human resources are the most important assets of an organization. The success or failure of an organization is largely dependent on the caliber of the people working therein. Without positive and creative contributions from people, organizations cannot progress and prosper. In order to achieve the goals or the activities of an organization, therefore, they need to recruit people with requisite skills, qualifications and experience. While doing so, they have to keep the present as well as the future requirements of the organization in mind. Recruitment is distinct from Employment and Selection. Once the required number and kind of human resources are determined, the management has to find the places where the required human resources are available and also find the means of attracting them towards the organization before selecting suitable candidates for jobs. All this process is generally known as recruitment. Some people use the term â€Å"Recruitment† for employment. These two are not one and the same. Recruitment is only one of the steps in the entire employment process. Some others use the term recruitment for selection. These are not the same either. Technically speaking, the function of recruitment precedes the selection function and it includes only finding, developing the sources of prospective employees and attracting them to apply for jobs in an organization, whereas the selection is the process of finding out the most suitable candidate to the job out of the candidates attracted (i. e. , recruited). Background of the Company The pharmaceutical market of Bangladesh very much dynamic and competitive and is comparable to those of developed countries. It is a matter of great pleasure that this sector successfully fulfils major portion of local demand of pharmaceutical products and at the same time it is moving forward to explore the international market for chemicals and pharmaceuticals products. The contribution of pharmaceuticals companies in Bangladesh to the national economy is encouraging. The investment in this sector is increasing which speaks about the potentiality in this sector. This sector satisfies the demand of the local market and also goes for export to explore the international market. Nuvista Pharma is one of the well-known performer in Pharmaceticul Industry in Bangladesh. Organon (Bangladesh) Limited has been operating in Bangladesh since 1964. Until 30 June 2006, it was a subsidiary of Organon International, a renowned global bio-pharmaceutical company, concentrating on gynecology, anesthesia, fertility and neuroscience. On 1 July 2006, Organon International divested its entire stake in Organon (Bangladesh) Ltd. o local management. Subsequently the name of the Company was changed to Nuvista Pharma Limited in December 2006. Nuvista Pharma Ltd. markets a specialized range of products, comprising mainly hormones and steroids. It manufactures tablets, capsule and injections at its own manufacturing facilities in Tongi, Gazipur, and also imports finished medicines from Organon International. The company in every other respect remains the same. It contin ues to import world renowned and trusted Organon brands for the benefit of millions of people in Bangladesh. Nuvista Pharma Limited also continues to source the highest quality APIs from The Netherlands, other European sources, Japan and the USA to ensure the highest quality of its manufactured medicines. Through the commitment to women’s health care, it has contributed significantly to three areas of vital importance: Contraception, Fertility and Menopause. It has some of the most innovative prescription medicines for Anesthesia, Male Hormone Therapy and Corticosteroids, products that contribute to the health of people and their quality of life. In Bangladesh, Nuvista Pharma Limited is the market leader in: Commercial Segment of   Contraception Plain Corticosteroids Synthetic Oxytocin Progestogens Anabolic Steroids Anti Spasmodics Haemostatics Fertility Anesthesia Hormone Therapy (both Female Male) Nuvista Pharma Ltd. employs modern technologies in its production and quality control facilities to meet international and local standards and regulations. The Company produces a specialized range of specialized world-class products, mainly hormones and steroids. A Quality System of global standards is maintained with the assistance of international consultants. Development is a continuous process at Nuvista Pharma Ltd. New equipment and machinery are regularly purchased to increase capacity and improve quality. In 2005, a new 4-storied, state of the art, Quality Assurance and Quality Control building was constructed. In 2007 the tablet facility was upgraded to further strengthen the cGMP status. Major projects are currently in hand to significantly develop and improve the overall manufacturing facilities of the Company. Recruitment Selection: Recruitment is defined as, â€Å"a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient workforce. † Edwin B. Flippo defined recruitment as â€Å"the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization. † Recruitment is a ‘linking function’-joining together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. It is a ‘joining process’ in that it tries to bring together job seekers and employer with a view to encourage the former to apply for a job with the latter. In order to attract people for the jobs, the organization must communicate the position in such a way that job seekers respond. To be cost effective, the recruitment process should attract qualified applicants and provide enough information for unqualified persons to self-select themselves out. Thus, the recruitment process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted. The result is a pool of applicants from which new employees are selected. Selection is the process of choosing from a group of applicants those individuals best suited for a particular position. Most managers recognize that employee selection is one of their most difficult, and most important, business decisions. This process involves making a judgment -not about the applicant, but about the fit between the applicant and the job by considering knowledge, skills and abilities and other characteristics required to perform the job Selection procedures are not carried out through standard pattern and steps in this. Process can vary from organization to organization some steps performed and considered important by one organization can be skipped by other organization Recruitment and Selection Process in Nuvista Pharma Ltd. Recruitment and Selection Policy: Recruitment and selection decisions significantly affect the Company’s ability to meet its business planning needs and strategic objectives. It is important to invest time and energy into recruiting high caliber staff. The process is two-way; not only are appointment committee members assessing the best person for the position but applicants are also deciding whether the Company is an organization they wish to work in. The costs of a poor selection decision are substantial and often extend over many years. The Company is committed to a systematic approach to recruitment and selection in order to attract, select and appoint the best staff through a fair and merit based process. Senior managers are accountable for ensuring compliance with the Company’s recruitment and selection policy and processes. It is essential that all staff involved in these processes be given the opportunity to become fully familiar with them. This will maximize their effectiveness and ensure that the Company recruits quality staff on a consistent basis. It will also ensure that recruitment and selection practices reflect our Equal Employment Opportunity Policy and the framework of relevant employment legislation. Company’s recruitment and selection process is the best way to achieve success in the business world. According to Dr. Stuart Greenfield, contributor to the American Society for Public Administration, implementing more effective processes to recruit candidates and select the best and the brightest will improve one’s ability to meet one’s organization’s human resource needs. Scope This policy and procedure applies to continuing appointments and normally to fixed term appointments in excess of one year, but may be appropriate in other circumstances. Purpose To ensure a consistent, fair and merit based approach in accordance with Equal Opportunity Policy and relevant employment legislation To meet or exceed business planning needs and strategic objectives To maximize the effectiveness of the University’s recruitment and selection practices. Recruitment Process The recruitment process in Nuvista Pharma involves identifying the vacancies, preparing the job description and person specification, advertising, managing the response, short-listing, arranging interviews, conductin g interviews, decision making, convey the decision and appointment action. This means that a lot of time and resources have to be invested before the right candidate is selected. This Process starts with the Job analysis. After Job analysis, they find out the job description that they search from Job incumbent A job description must be returned with the ‘Approval to fill vacancy’ form. Posts will not be advertised without a Job Description. The purpose of job descriptions is to provide clarity as to the scope, purpose, content that the post covers and the range of competence required to be able to fulfils the post. They go through the Job advertisement, CV collection, Initial Scrutiny, Interview Calling and short listing the Candidates. Job Advertisement: For job advertisement they specially consider the pre sated format of web advertisement. They take the service of Job websites like www. bdjobs. com www. prothomalo-jobs. com. In case of paper advertisement, they only go for it when they hire Sales Representative for their all depose in all districts. From Job advertisement they get huge responses from the required candidate. They collect the CV from this website and through mail. CV Collection: The recruitment process includes a written test to judge particular skills of a candidate. A lot can be judged about the candidate from his CV. A proper presentation of his CV in an organized and refined manner speaks a lot about the individual. His mindset and attitude can be judged according to his CV. After collecting the CV they take a scruitining process in CV evolution. Better, experienced and candidates with specific skills and attributes are short listed initially for the interview. Interview Call: Next come to the interview, which is an important and crucial part of the recruitment process. They call the interview via phone. This is also a Telephonic Interview. The HR Department calls the candidate for interview from the pre selected CV’s. From the Telephonic Interview, they also make a judgment. For interview they select an Interview committee for take interview properly. Concerns like the location of the interview, the time table, the structure of the question strategy, style of taking the interview are decided beforehand so that nothing is left out and all the issues are properly addressed. Short List: After a successful Interview session, they make a Short List of successful Candidates from which they call the candidates for further selection process. Selection Process Selecting a suitable candidate can be the biggest challenge for any organization. The success of a organization largely depends on its staff. Selection of  the right candidate builds the foundation of any organizations success and helps in reducing turnovers. Though there is no fool proof selection procedure that will ensure low turnover and high profits, Nuvista Pharma Ltd generally follows the following steps – Viva: This is generally the starting point of any employee selection process. Pre selected applicants are called for the Viva. The Interview team consisting the HR Dept Representative, Department Head, and others managers are taking the Viva of pre selected successful candidates from interview. Final Viva: It helps them in obtaining more information about the prospective employee. It also helps them in interacting with the candidate and judging his communication abilities, his ease of handling pressure etc. The HR Directors Specific Department Heads taking the final viva of the successful candidate. After successful completion of Final Viva, the successful candidate finally selects by the company for further process. Application Form A candidate who passes the final viva and is found to be eligible for the job is asked to fill in a formal application form. Such a form is designed in a way that it records the personal as well professional details of the prospective employee. Checking References Most application forms include a section that requires prospective candidates to put down names of a few references. References can be classified into former employer, former customers, business references, reputable persons. Such references are contacted to get a feedback on the person in question including his behavior, skills, conduct etc. Credit Checks Nuvista checks the financial condition of a prospective employee. If a person faces the burden of  heavy loan or debt, it would want to know that. Physical Examination If all goes well, then at this stage, a physical examination is conducted to make sure that the candidate enjoys sound health and does not suffer from any serious ailment. Job Offer A candidate who clears all the steps is finally considered right for a particular job and is presented with the job offer. An applicant can be dropped at any given stage if considered unfit for the job. Only after successfully clearing all the hurdles, an applicant can enjoy the feeling of being selected for a particular job in Nuvista Phrama Ltd. Conclusion Workforce planning is vital if a business is to meet its future demands for staff. It allows a business time to train existing staff to take on new responsibilities and to recruit new staff to fill vacancies or to meet skill shortages. Successful businesses realize one of their most important assets is their workforce. Developing a strong, capable employee roster requires a recruitment and selection process that identifies strong candidates both inside and outside the company.

Criminal justice essays

Criminal justice essays Fine: This option tends to be the most commonly used option by the courts. A fine maybe imposed on both summary and indictable convictions. Depending on the nature of the conviction and length of sentence a fine can be imposed alone or in combination with a prison term or with probation. The maximum allowable fine for a summary conviction is 2000 dollars in the case of an individual and 25,000 dollars in the case of a corporation. Prohibitions and Forfeiture: Under certain conditions and in addition to an imposed sentence the courts may direct that a person be prohibited from certain activities. For example a person convicted of impaired driving will be prohibited from operating a motor vehicle for a specific period of time. Another example might be that a person will be prohibited from owning a firearm for a designated period of time. As well certain convictions could result in the forfeiture of property if it was used in the commission of an offence or was obtained through the proceeds of a criminal offence. An example of this might be that the Crown might require the person to forfeit their boat if it was used in the commission of a drug importation conviction. Absolute and Conditional Discharge: These options are used for first time offenders charged with minor offences. When an individual receives an Absolute discharge, he/she is discharged from the courts and has no further obligation to the justice system. An individual who receives a conditional discharge is subject to conditions of a probation order. Violation of these conditions or further convictions could result in the conditional release being revoked and conviction on the original offence for which he/she received the conditional discharge. Incarceration: The courts can impose a provincial or federal term. The sentence imposed will be determined by the nature of the offence and conviction. A provincial term is any sentence up to two years less a day. ...

Presentation on Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Presentation on Civil War - Research Paper Example The southern states felt that it was not the right of the government to decide laws of individual states. This would ultimately lead to the southern states attempting to secede from the Union and become their own independent nation separate from the United States. Most people know about the Confederacy, the Union, the slavery, and the Emancipation Proclamation, however, there are many other interesting tales and bits of information that most everyone is unfamiliar with and only makes the study of history all the more intriguing. Question: Was the Civil War a war about slavery? Answer: The answer is no. Slavery was only one aspect of the civil war. Although the slavery issue was important to many northerners, however, the unions goal as a whole was to preserve that Union. If the United States could not remain united then we would never survive as a nation. Unfortunately, the southerners saw slaves as property, no more and no less. They could not understand how the federal government c ould interfere in their property issues; they did not interfere in the transaction of other tools and livestock (Kelly ). To them this was a war that had infringed upon their rights as individual states. ... That it would be better if the slaves were freed and then be relocated to South America and islands near Haiti. Lincoln’s representative even went so far as to put a plan into action and relocated a colony to one such island, however, the soil was spoiled, there was little in the way of shelter, and ultimately the idea was abandoned and forgotten in favor of Lincoln’s later Emancipation Proclamation (Gaffney). Question: What kind of weaponry and artillery was used during the American Civil War? Answer: The civil war weaponry included a number of canons and batteries, which are essentially armed wagons, some with as many as 6 barrels apiece, that can do an impressive amount of damage. There were a total of 46 different rifles and dozens of revolvers that were used throughout the war, from Remington’s to Colt’s. By and large, the Union had the advantage when it came to weaponry and artillery, however, the Confederacy had far greater numbers invested than the Union. Sometimes armaments and ammunition would run out. When this happened many soldiers would then resort to the use of sabers and swords (Smithsonian Institute). Story: Did you know that there were submarines in the Civil War? It is true. Many different types of underwater vessels were considered, they proved to be impractical or failed to function. However, both the Union and the Confederacy had successfully designed submarines. The Union decided that their version, called the â€Å"Intelligent Whale,† would not be used in battle; another they purchased from the French, the â€Å"Alligator,† also, never saw battle as it was lost at sea. The Confederate submarine called the â€Å"Hunley,† named for the man that designed it, was forty feet long, but less than four feet in

Your body is like a castle under siege.discuss (biology) Essay

Your body is like a castle under siege.discuss (biology) - Essay Example All these cells possess the inherent ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens while they develop as it is the key requirement in any defense mechanism. Once an antigen or a foreign body is detected these cells put forth a defense mechanism which protects the individual from the invading pathogens and helps to eliminate them. This defense could either be antigen dependent or independent. When immune cells attack any incoming antigen without being specific it is referred to as innate or non-specific immune response. Anatomical barriers such as skin and various body secretions and normal flora present within the body act as the immediate and first line of non-specific defense against the invading pathogens. When the foreign bodies escape these barriers the humoral components of the innate defense mechanism which includes the complement system, coagulation system that help to recruit phagocytic cells and secretion of substances such as interferon’s, lysozyme and i nterleukins play a vital role in eliminating the foreign substances. The cellular components involved in the innate defense mechanism include neutrophils and macrophages which act through phagocytosis, natural killer cells and eosinophils (Mayer, 2009). In contrast to the innate defense, the specific, acquired or adaptive defense mechanisms are antigen dependent. In the specific response a time lag exists between exposure to the antigen and the immune response generated as the acquired immune response is not inherent from birth, instead it is specific and unique to every antigen encountered and a memory of that response is also created by which subsequent exposure to that antigen will generate a similar and a more effective response (Mayer, 2009; Delves, 2008). The lymphocytes present in the blood are the major cells involved in the specific immune response and the two major types of cells, the B and T lymphocytes all of which originate in the